IT Questions and Answers :)

Wednesday, March 31, 2021

What is the maximum user mailbox size for an Office 365 E3 license?

What is the maximum user mailbox size for an Office 365 E3 license?

  • Unlimited
  • 50 GB
  • 1 TB
  • 100 GB         

What is the maximum user mailbox size for an Office 365 E3 license?

EXPLANATION

Simple question, something I learned recently as I was solving an issue with a user's mailbox.

User mailbox storage limit for an E3 license is 100 GB, it's archive limit is unlimited and its address list limit is 1000.

SOURCE

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Which command, included by default with OpenBSD 6.3, allows you to execute a command as another user?

 Which command, included by default with OpenBSD 6.3, allows you to execute a command as another user?

  • doas
  • sudo
  • runas
  • suid               
Which command, included by default with OpenBSD 6.3, allows you to execute a command as another user?


EXPLANATION

The doas(1) utility first appeared in OpenBSD 5.8, intended as a lightweight drop-in replacement for sudo(1), which stopped being included in the base system since OpenBSD 5.7. The sudo utility had a large codebase, with lots of customizable bells and whistles. Most users would never use the advanced features of sudo, so in an attempt to minimise the attack surface and make a simpler tool, Ted Unangst wrote doas.

Despite being smaller and with fewer options, it still aimed to retain the fine-grained control that people had come to expect of utilities such as sudo, as Ted Unangst describes in his blog post: https://https.www.google.com.tedunangst.com/flak/post/doas

SOURCE

https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1
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Tuesday, March 23, 2021

What is the bit width of the EISA bus?

What is the bit width of the EISA bus?

  • 16
  • 8
  • 64
  • 32               
What is the bit width of the EISA bus?

EXPLANATION

The Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a bus standard for IBM PC compatible computers. It was announced in September 1988 by a consortium of PC clone vendors (the "Gang of Nine") as a counter to IBM's use of its proprietary Micro Channel architecture (MCA) in its PS/2 series.
EISA extends the AT bus, which the Gang of Nine retroactively renamed to the ISA bus to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC/AT computer, to 32 bits and allows more than one CPU to share the bus. The bus mastering support is also enhanced to provide access to 4 GB of memory. Unlike MCA, EISA can accept older XT and ISA boards — the lines and slots for EISA are a superset of ISA.
Wikipedia


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Monday, March 22, 2021

In PHP, what is function for outputting the contents of an array at runtime?

 In PHP, what is function for outputting the contents of an array at runtime?

  • print()
  • print_array()
  • print_r()
  • echo               
In PHP, what is function for outputting the contents of an array at runtime?


EXPLANATION

The PHP function print_r() is responsible for outputting the contents of an array at runtime. It is often used for debugging an array during development.

Example:

<?php




$MyArray = array("apple", "orange", "banana");
print_r($MyArray);

/*-------------------------------------------*/

The above would be outputted as:

Array([1]=>apple,[2]=>orange,[3]=>"banana")

/*-------------------------------------------*/
?>


SOURCE

http://php.net/manual/en/function.print-r.php
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What is the not equals operator in Excel?

What is the not equals operator in Excel?

  • NOT()
  • >=
  • <>
  • !=            
What is the not equals operator in Excel?

EXPLANATION

When comparing two pieces of data in Excel, what operator would you use to test if they were not equal? 

If I were comparing cells A1 to B1, my formula would be:

=A1___B1

NOT() is a function, not an operator.

SOURCE

https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Calculation-operators-and-precedence-in-Excel-48be406d-4975-4d31-b2b8-7af9e0e2878a#tblID0EABCAFAAA
  
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Wednesday, February 24, 2021

What is the common naming convention of PowerShell cmdlets and functions?

What is the common naming convention of PowerShell cmdlets and functions?

  • Verb-Preposition-Noun
  • Adverb-Verb-Noun
  • Verb-Noun
  • Adjective-Noun    

What is the common naming convention of PowerShell cmdlets and functions?


EXPLANATION

The common naming convention of cmdlets and functions in PowerShell is "Verb-Noun".

There are 3 primary rules for naming within this convention:

  1. The Verb should be in the approved verb list.  To get the list of approved verbs, simply type "Get-Verb" in PowerShell.
  2. The Noun should be singular, never plural.
  3. Matching Nouns should work together and with the same object types; for instance, the object you get when you run Get-<Noun> should be able to be piped to a cmdlet to Set-<Noun>.
           
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Tuesday, February 23, 2021

What are the IDs assigned to ports like USB, Ethernet, and video ports called?

 What are the IDs assigned to ports like USB, Ethernet, and video ports called?

  • MAC addresses
  • I/O addresses
  • Subnets
  • Nodes         

What are the IDs assigned to ports like USB, Ethernet, and video ports called?


EXPLANATION

Each I/O device connected to your computer is mapped to a unique I/O (Input/Output) address. These addresses are assigned to every I/O port on your computer, including USB, Firewire, Ethernet, VGA, and DVI ports, as well as any other ports your computer might have.

SOURCE

https://techterms.com/definition/ioaddress
      
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Which of the following conditions occurs when two packets are transmitted over a medium at the same time?

Which of the following conditions occurs when two packets are transmitted over a medium at the same time?

  • Asynchronous
  • Collision
  • Synchronous
  • Contention     

Which of the following conditions occurs when two packets are transmitted over a medium at the same time?

EXPLANATION

In a network, when two or more stations attempt to transmit a packet across the network at the same time, a packet collision occurs. This is not uncommon in a shared medium such as an Ethernet that has many computers in the same network segment. When a packet collision occurs, the packets are either discarded or sent back to their originating stations and then re-transmitted in a timed sequence to avoid further collision. Packet collisions can result in the loss of packet integrity or can impede the performance of a network

SOURCE

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Monday, February 22, 2021

Which of the following is a well-known text editor on Linux?

 Which of the following is a well-known text editor on Linux?

  • micro
  • hecto
  • femto
  • nano
Which of the following is a well-known text editor on Linux?

EXPLANATION

From Wikipedia: "nano is a text editor for Unix-like computing systems or operating environments using a command line interface. It emulates the Pico text editor, part of the Pine email client, and also provides additional functionality"


SOURCE

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Friday, February 19, 2021

What part of a packet gets modified as part of a header manipulation attack?

 What part of a packet gets modified as part of a header manipulation attack?

  • Flags
  • Buffers
  • Signature definitions
  • Databases
What part of a packet gets modified as part of a header manipulation attack?

EXPLANATION

Flags = Correct

A header manipulation modifies flags and data in a packet and can launch a session hijacking attack.
Buffer overflow attacks can modify memory buffers.
SQL injection attacks can modify databases.
Antivirus software requires up-to-date signature definitions, but header manipulation does not modify these.

SOURCE

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/create-http-header-http-headers-originate-web-browser-attack-chapter-3-problem-6hp-solution-9781305480858-exc
               
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In Powershell, what does the command "(get-history)[-1].commandLine | clip" do?

 In Powershell, what does the command "(get-history)[-1].commandLine | clip" do?

  • Clears the entire command history in the current shell session.
  • Copies the entire command history in the current shell session to the clipboard.
  • Copies the last-issued command in the current shell session to the clipboard.
  • Clears the last-issued command in the command history in the current shell session.     
In Powershell, what does the command "(get-history)[-1].commandLine | clip" do?

EXPLANATION

Get-History - Get a list of the commands entered during the current session.  Returns a HistoryInfo object for each history item that it gets.

Powershell About Arrays - "Negative numbers count from the end of the array. For example, '-1' refers to the last element of the array."  

HistoryInfo.CommandLine Property - Returns the command line string that was issued for that command history item

clip -  Windows Vista included a tiny command line utility called clip. All it does is paste its stdin onto the clipboard.  (Not actually a Powershell command so can be used in Command Prompt as well.

SOURCE

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Thursday, February 18, 2021

Two administrators update the same Active Directory user account at the same time while connected to two different domain controllers. What method does Active Directory replication use to determine what changes to make in the event of a conflict?

Two administrators update the same Active Directory user account at the same time while connected to two different domain controllers. What method does Active Directory replication use to determine what changes to make in the event of a conflict?

  • USN - Update Sequence Number
  • SID - Security Identifier
  • Email to Administrator with links to available choices
  • RID - Relative Identifier               
Two administrators update the same Active Directory user account at the same time while connected to two different domain controllers. What method does Active Directory replication use to determine what changes to make in the event of a conflict?

EXPLANATION

Active Directory replication does not depend on time to determine what changes need to be propagated. It relies instead on the use of update sequence numbers (USNs) that are assigned by a counter that is local to each domain controller. Because these USN counters are local, it is easy to ensure that they are reliable and never "run backward" (that is, decrease in value). The trade-off is that it is meaningless to compare a USN assigned on one domain controller to a USN assigned on a different domain controller.
More info here:

https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc961798.aspx">https://technet.microsoft.com/en-...

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Monday, January 25, 2021

Which of the following is NOT in the same subnet as the other 3

Which of the following is NOT in the same subnet as the other 3

  • 10.27.9.14/29
  • 10.27.9.16/29
  • 10.27.9.20/29
  • 10.27.9.18/29 

 Which of the following is NOT in the same subnet as the other 3


EXPLANATION

In IP v4. The range is from 10.27.9.16 to 10.27.9.23 with a 29 bit subnet mask. 255.255.255.248

Giving a total of 8 hosts on the sunbet, although only 6 are usable.

SOURCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork
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Friday, January 22, 2021

In macOS, what are the default numeric file permissions on a user home folder; /Users/username/?

In macOS, what are the default numeric file permissions on a user home folder; /Users/username/?

  • 755
  • 777
  • 775
  • 733 

In macOS, what are the default numeric file permissions on a user home folder; /Users/username/?

EXPLANATION

By default, the permissions on a home folder are drwxr-xr-x or 755. This allows other users on the system access to the top level of the the home folder so that they can access the Public and Sites folders to read or send files to the owner. The main other folders (Desktop, Documents, etc) are locked to drwx------ so that only the owner has access.

SOURCE

http://www.macinstruct.com/node/415

 

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Thursday, January 21, 2021

How do you search for text using the Nano text editor?

How do you search for text using the Nano text editor?

  • Control + F
  • Control + W
  • Control + O
  • Control + S

EXPLANATION

Rather than using 'F' for 'find' Nano uses 'W' for 'Where Is'.

SOURCE

https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Nano/Basics_Guide
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Wednesday, January 20, 2021

Microsoft's HoloLens is what type of device?

Microsoft's HoloLens is what type of device?

Augmented reality
Machine learning
Virtual reality
Mixed reality 
 
 
Microsoft's HoloLens is what type of device?

EXPLANATION

Mixed reality (MR) not just overlays, but anchors virtual objects to real-world objects and allows the user to interact with combined virtual/real objects.

  • Virtual reality (VR) immerses users in a fully artificial digital environment.
  •   Augmented reality (AR) overlays virtual objects on the real-world environment with spatial registration that enables geometric persistence concerning placement and orientation within the real world. Prior technologies that overlaid data or images not spatially registered to real-world geometries are referred to as heads-up display technologies.

SOURCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_reality
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Tuesday, January 19, 2021

You can view all running processes on a computer in PowerShell with what command?

You can view all running processes on a computer in PowerShell with what command?

  • Get-Process
  • Show-Process
  • Gimme-Dem-Processes
  • List-Process 

 
You can view all running processes on a computer in PowerShell with what command?

EXPLANATION

The command Get-Process shows all current running processes. You can pipe the output into other commands to get even more detail and information.

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Tuesday, January 12, 2021

In our Linux machine, we've found an issue, maybe some driver is not loaded properly during the boot process, how can we be sure?

In our Linux machine, we've found an issue, maybe some driver is not loaded properly during the boot process, how can we be sure?

  • init 6 command
  • whoami command
  • dmesg command
  • w command 

 
In our Linux machine, we've found an issue, maybe some driver is not loaded properly during the boot process, how can we be sure?

EXPLANATION

dmesg (Display message or driver message) is a command which will show Kernel ring buffers. These messages contain valuable information about device drivers loaded into the kernel at the time of booting as well as when we connect a hardware to the system on the fly. In other words dmesg will give us details about hardware drivers connected to, disconnected from a machine and any errors when hardware driver is loaded into the kernel. These messages are helpful in diagnosing or debugging hardware and device driver issues

SOURCE

https://www.linuxnix.com/what-is-linuxunix-dmesg-command-and-how-to-use-it/

 

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Monday, January 11, 2021

When programming in Python 3, which code has the right syntax?

When programming in Python 3, which code has the right syntax?

  • print("Hello, World")
  • print("Hello, World')
  • print("Hello, World"
  • print (Hello, World) 
 

EXPLANATION

Syntax errors are a the most common problem when programming.  For basic programming, an open bracket is required for any parameters to be passed to a function, and strings (text) requires quotes to distinguish itself from any variables in the code.  

SOURCE

https://medium.com/groklearning/syntax-error-how-to-avoid-the-most-common-trap-for-new-programmers-1424472c3e57
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Tuesday, December 22, 2020

What is the Windows command line tool that allow you to add a driver package to the driver store?

What is the Windows command line tool that allow you to add a driver package to the driver store?

  • DrvUtil
  • PnPUtil
  • DrvStrUtil
  • AddD 

 
What is the Windows command line tool that allow you to add a driver package to the driver store?

EXPLANATION

PnPUtil (PnPUtil.exe) is a command line tool that lets an administrator perform the following actions on driver packages:

Adds a driver package to the driver store.

Installs a driver package on the computer.

Deletes a driver package from the driver store.

Enumerates the driver packages that are currently in the driver store. Only driver packages that are not in-box packages are listed. An in-box driver package is one which is included in the default installation of Windows or its service packs.


SOURCE

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/devtest/pnputil

 

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